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In the summer of 1969, long-standing tensions between Catholic republicans and Protestant loyalists broke out into open violence in Northern Ireland. Civil protests and heated dialogue turned to vandalism, riots and shootings. Out of this chaos emerged several militant groups, such as the loyalist Ulster Defence Force (UDF) and the anti-British Provisional Irish Republican Army…
Continue reading ➞ The Evolution of Counterterrorism in Northern Ireland
Popular unrest in Algiers during the Algerian War. (Magnum Photos) On this day in 1962, representatives from the French government and the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) signed a ceasefire agreement in Évian-les-Bains, thus ending the Algerian War. A result of Algerian frustrations with the French colonial administration, the conflict exploded in 1954 as…
Pinkerton's incredibly detailed 1818 map of the East Indies. (Wikimedia Commons) The end of the 19th century was a tumultuous time in Southeast Asian history. Many colonial nations developed strong nationalist movements and, eventually, overthrew their colonial masters. Unlike Africa - recently colonized during the "Scramble for Africa" in the 1880s and 1890s - much…
Continue reading ➞ Indonesia – From Colonization to Independence
An IJA "banzai" charge on Manado, Indonesia, sometime in 1942. (Reddit) On this day in 1942, Dutch troops on Indonesia - then known as the Dutch East Indies - surrendered to Japanese forces. Beginning one day after the assault on Pearl Harbour in December of the following year, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) launched a…
Continue reading ➞ 03/09 – The Fall of the Dutch East Indies
Fighters from UNITA's militant wing - Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola, or FALA - train with South African soldiers. (Pinterest) On this day in 1975, representatives from Portugal and Angola signed the Alvor Agreement, a grant of independence for the former colony. Beginning in 1961, a number of Angolan guerilla (militia) groups had…
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