鋼の雨: The Battle of Okinawa

By the spring of 1945, WWII was drawing to a close in Europe. The Axis in that region were either on the run (the Germans) or had already switched sides (the Italians). As Allied command began talking of dividing up liberated Europe in the wake of the Normandy landings, Pacific command was still locked in…

WWII – The North African Campaign

Some of the very first action in WWII took place in North Africa and the Middle East. By the 1930s, most European powers – predominantly the Allies – had economic interests in the region. The new fascist powers of the era wanted a piece of the area too, and in 1935 the Italians began expanding…

05/20 – Operation Mercury

On this day in 1941, the German invasion of Crete began. Home to the ancient Minoans – Europe’s first advanced civilization – the Greek island occupied an important spot in the WWII battle for the Mediterranean: from its ports and runways, British air and sea forces dominated the region and threatened Romanian oil fields, an…

European Urban Centres from West to East, 1940-44

This article is a revised version of an essay submitted for academic credit at the University of Toronto. Throughout history, military forces have usually avoided fighting in built-up areas for a variety of reasons. Street battles are difficult to control, harder to wage, and nearly impossible to “win”. In WWII the German Wehrmacht realized this;…

02/13 – The Bombing of Dresden

On this day in 1945, over 1,200 Allied bomber aircraft took to the skies for an attack on Dresden, an industrial city in Eastern Germany. That night, the first of four sorties (missions) began and, over the next 48 hours, 3,900 tonnes of incendiary and high-explosive (HE) munitions were dropped on the city centre. The…

British Colonial Troops at War, 1914-18

This article is a revised version of an essay submitted for academic credit at the University of Toronto. At the outset of WWII, Britain had one of the best armies in the world. Years of small but tough engagements such as the Boer and Anglo-Zulu wars – and rigorous selection and training programs – had…